NEVER use the Standby switch (leaving it always on) and just turn it on and off with he power switch and you have a killer 2 channel amp with a great tremolo and reverb.Īs I say, all my own opinion and I'm sure many will have alternative versions and experiences. They should be pretty cheap as they aren't sought after yet (if ever). 0:00 / 6:31 Vox AC10C1 1x10 Combo ProGuitarShopDemos 324K subscribers 306K views 7 years ago Buy Now: All that sound you just heard was coming from the new AC10C1 from. My suggestion is lookout for a used CC head or combo (Bloody heavy). My AC30CCH is the one that kills transformers if you use the standby switch so this and the fact they run "hot" making rectifier tubes only last a year two (apparently true to vintage form) gave them a bad name but lately I see a swing back towards them as being a bit more vintage sounding than the later C2 (factory fitted with Greenbacks), AC30 C2x (Cel Blues) and some of the handwired ones. Admittedly it was new so the unbroken in speaker might have some influence. I ended up thinking I may as well just keep the AC30. I was really surprised how loud it was, it also seemed kind of too bright, very close to my AC30 but harsh bright and loud. When I finally get a Boss TAE I think it will work pretty well for recording. I was gearing up to sell it but now I'm kind of torn, I REALLY liked it. Probably work REALLY well with Cel Blue type IR's. 4.7 out of 5 5 4 3 2 3 1 0 Customer Added Media This product doesn't have any review media yet Share Your Thoughts Help other music gear aficionados by sharing your opinions of gear you've purchased. However, I just recently ran this through my 2x12 speakers and it was WAY better and very AC30 top boost like. For recording the boxiness is a slight negative. It plays well in a live mix and cuts through using the boxiness to its advantage. AC4C1-12, Is slightly boxy sounding but quite AC30 like apart from that. Probably sit in a live mix quite well if you could get it loud enough but too much of its own nasty character to be as neutral as an AC30 in the mix of recording. Kind of like a nasty (50/50 good/bad kind of way.sort of cheap ac30) pretty boxy sounding. With a slight tweak of the tone knob they were virtually indistinguishable, so I sold the blue combo as it was worth considerably more money. I back-to-back tested the 2 x AC30 combo's. Which may or may not be a great, sit in the mix type sound but I suspect not as good as the AC30, which is much more neutral to my ears and will sit in much more easily than the AC15 I tried. I REALLY didn't like the AC15, it had a doggy mid-crunch that just set my teeth on edge, sounding NOTHING like my AC30, and was onsold very quickly. An AC4TV head and TV Cab and I test drove relatively briefly an AC10. The AC10 was one of the very first guitar amps to bear the VOX name and has been valued for several decades for its particularly overtone-rich, defined tube. I have owned an AC15CC1x (Combo with 1x12" Cel Blue). I have gigged, jammed practiced, and recorded with an AC30CCH (Head version) AC30 CC2x (Combo with 2x12 Cel Blues), an AC30 CC2 (Combo with 2 x 12 Wharfedales), and an AC4C1-12. This is purely my own opinion and experience and offered solely to put in your mixing pot for thought.
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So, other than the obvious yet tenuous connection of “old and Icelandic”, how did the vegvísir become so associated with the vikings? To add some historical context, the 1860 presidential election in the US was won by Abraham Lincoln… but “the Abraham Lincoln Presidency Compass” has less of a ring to it. While 1860 seems like a long time ago, it’s still a far cry from the Viking Age, which ran approximately 793-1066. This is the earliest instance of the vegvísir in existence. “Carry this sign with you and you won't get lost in storms or bad weather, even in unfamiliar surroundings” ( translation: Justin Foster) “Beri maður stafi þessa á sér villist maður ekki í hríðum né vondu veðri þó ókunnugur sá.” The vegvísir is featured alongside a number of other galdrastafir (magical staves) in the Huld Manuscript, which was written in Iceland by Geir Vigfusson in 1860. Vegvesir in the video game ‘Valheim' Norse compass or a Norse con? Which is strange, as it’s not actually a viking symbol at all. It can often be seen on viking-inspired tattoos, jewellery and illustrations, and even in video games, such as Valheim. Literally “way” (vegr) “shower” (vísir), the symbol is meant to prevent the person carrying it from losing their way, and is known colloquially as “The Viking Compass” or “The Nordic Compass”. If you’re interested in viking imagery and symbolism, you will have undoubtedly seen the vegvísir. The vegvísir is a commonly used viking symbol that's meant to stop people from losing their way. Hard-wiring your dashcam makes it works transparently like any other accessory in your car - it turns on and off with the ignition, so you don't have to worry about plugging in the charger, or turning the dashcam on, or any such stuff.Hard-wiring addresses the above challenges.convert a single 12V socket into more than one, see this for an example) since they are either of dubious quality, or end up adding to the clutter in the car, and run a risk of being knocked out. Some owners dislike using 12V extension sockets (i.e.Some cars are limited to a single 12V socket, so dedicating it to a dashcam is not preferable.Parking camera mode might also be better served by using motion-triggered recording and the built-in battery. This might be preferable for those of you who wish to also use your dashcam as a parking camera, but even then you run the risk of slowly draining your car battery over time, particularly in a car that is not your daily drive. If the socket does not power off, it means the dashcam will be running continuously even when the car is parked. Ford EcoSport) while others turn off the 12V socket. Some cars do not power off the 12V socket when the ignition is turned off (e.g.The 12V socket is usually easily accessible, and can therefore be easily unplugged.Firstly, we look at the challenges of the 12V socket, which are usually resolved by hard-wiring. The dashcam kit therefore comes with a 12V cigarette lighter plug to power the dashcam from the car's 12V socket. I've used this approach to hard-wire dashcams to both my Ford EcoSport ( Garmin Dash Cam 20) and my Hyundai Getz ( Transcend DrivePro 100).Īll dashcams that I've seen come with a mini-USB input, which is a slightly larger port than the micro-USB input that we're used to seeing on mobile phones. This thread covers how to hard-wire your dashcam to your car's fuse box. Only available on purchases of £499 or less.Dashcams are gaining popularity in India, particularly among Team BHP members, as can be seen by the interest in the dashcam thread ( link). Only available on purchases of £399 or more. Only available on purchases of £399 or more Only available on purchases of £99 or more Halfords Limited and Halfords Autocentres Limited are authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority for the purposes of credit broking (Halfords Limited reference 724263, Halfords Autocentres Limited reference 755309) Well, if you don’t fancy spending all your cash in one go, we’ve got several finance options to help you spread the cost, covering spends over £30. Got your eye on a new road bike or shiny socket set? Maybe you’ve had to have unexpected repairs on your vehicle. Borrowing beyond your means could seriouslyĪffect your financial status, ensure you can afford to make your repayments on time by the *Finance available subject to credit assessment, terms andĬonditions apply, you must be aged 18 + and a permanent UK resident, please spend *Finance available subject to credit assessment, terms and conditions apply, you must be aged 18+ and a permanent UK resident, please spend responsibly. If (document.getElementById('bvseo-reviewsSection')) įlexible finance to help you spread the cost Had a few issues with vandalism so if anything this will provide proof to insurance company or the police. Very happy with this, easy to wire in really and gives me peace of mind that my car is monitored. Can't see what else it could be but this device not working correctly. If the camera is disconnected at its connection then it's fine. I'm not a fan - use this on my daughter's Kia Stonic and the car battery deletes to zero over the course of a week or so. Have used the bike many times since fitting it and is still in very good conditionĬar Battery still goes dead even with this Halfords supplied, happy with their service, happy to support my local branch.īike tyre for mountain bike, very good quality. The pernament feed enables the dashcam to record when movement is sensed when away from the vehicle, ie when you're shopping. This cable needs a good ground, ignition feed and a pernament live to get the most from a Garmin Mini2 dashcam. The end connector is ideally matched to the dashcam (micro usb) and has no adaptor inline, so no need to bend the headlining to hide a connector adaptor like the cheap Amazo ones when converting mini to micro USB. I purchase quite a few of these Parking Mode power supplies for home and work vehicles, as and when required. Took me several days to find a Halfords that could fit the cam. No qualified fitters at this branch of Halfords. I bought this a few weeks ago and asked to book my car in for a dash a fitting. We have the best downtown phoenix hotel packages to suit your needs.įor the business travelers attending conference and trade shows, the Phoenix Convention Center is a place you don’t want to miss. When staying with us, you will find many attractions you can visit in Phoenix. Phoenix offers a wide range of hiking trails. Nearby also waking distance to Phoenix Convention Center, Science Center, and Talking Stick Arena to see Phoenix Suns play, Phoenix Mercury, Arizona Rattlers field, or go grilling yourself with hiking activities in the city. You can visit the Heart Museum, Phoenix Civic Space Park, The Van Buren, Comerica Theater, Crescent Ballroom, and Orpheum Theatre Phoenix all walking distance from the hotel. If you are looking forward to visiting various attractions in Phoenix, AZ, City Center Phoenix Downtown is your preferred hotel. We are set in a serene locale, and your stay with us will be unforgettable. We understand that when you want to do business expos in Phoenix, you want the best environment where you can focus on your chores. At City Center Phoenix Downtown, you will feel like you’re in your home. We have unmatched service and our staff are warm and welcoming. and more Best hotels in Downtown (Phoenix) Most recommended Downtown hotels Hampton Inn & Suites Phoenix Downtown 8.7 Very good Downtown 160+ Free Wi-Fi Pet friendly Hyatt Regency Phoenix 8. If you are visiting Phoenix City for business or leisure, you will find our hotel as the best choice. Hotels in Downtown, Phoenix Search hundreds of travel sites at once for hotels in Downtown Add flight 1 room, 2 guests Thu 6/29 Fri 6/30 Search. Our hotel is designed for both business travelers as well as leisure travelers. If you're seeking hotel reservation Phoenix AZ, consider City Center Phoenix Downtown.Ĭity Center Hotel - Catering for Business and Leisure TravelĪt City Center Phoenix Downtown, we speak your language. We take pride in being honored and recognized for stewardship of a Mid Century Marvel. If you are looking for the best Hotels in Downtown Phoenix AZ, City Center is your companion when it comes to quality, great service, and memorable experiences.īuilt-in 1959, City Center has been awarded by the Phoenix Historic Preservation and the City of Phoenix. We understand that you want value for your money, and that’s why we offer affordable rooms while not compromising our quality of service. This hotel is centrally located between downtown Phoenix and Tempe, near Arizona State University. Whether you are a business traveler or a family wanting to discover the Valley of the Sun, the City Center is the place to stay. A free, 24-hour airport shuttle is available. City Center Phoenix Downtown is set in the heart of Phoenix city allowing you to explore what the city has to offer in a convenient way. Spacious, relaxing rooms at City Center Phoenix Downtown, ArizonaĪt City Center, every stay tells a story. Things to Do near Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl.WELCOME TO YOUR RELAXING GETAWAY IN PHOENIX, ARIZONA. What to See near Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl. Things to See and Do near Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl. /rebates/178298.Travel-Guide-Hotels&. Hilton Garden Inn Phoenix Airport North - 1.4 mi (2.2 km) awayĭoubleTree Suites by Hilton Phoenix - 1.7 mi (2.7 km) awayĭrury Inn & Suites Phoenix Airport - 1.4 mi (2.3 km) away Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Phoenix-Airport, an IHG Hotel - 1.3 mi (2.1 km) away SureStay Hotel by Best Western Phoenix Airport - 1.2 mi (1.9 km) away You may want to consider one of these options that are popular with our guests: We've got 1962 hotels to pick from within 5 miles of Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl. Where Can I Stay near Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl. If you're looking for things to see and do in the area, you might want to stop in and see Chase Field and Footprint Center. The airport is located 3.8 mi (6.1 km) from Phoenix city center. By design, they need to kill the Impostors and if they do end up firing at a Crewmate, the Sheriff will sacrifice his own life as well. The Sheriff has the power to kill but the flip side of the ability is that the said person can kill both Impostors and Crewmates. The Sheriff Mod adds a Sheriff role to the game, making one random crewmate The Sheriff. But, with a Sheriff to police their behaviour, things will get easier for the Crewmates. Impostors have been roaming all too freely. The difference here is that it’s a spaceship, not a town. The Sheriff ModĮvery town needs a Sheriff. We take a peep at some of them in this list. One huge problem was that most mods and variants would cater to the Impostors rather than the Crewmates, with variations like the Dead by Daylight theme, Zombie Mod and even the Jester Mod working against the Crewmates, putting their lives on the spaceship in danger.įret not though, for there have been new mods and variants that have attempted to hand the power back to Crewmates on the spaceship and make it relatively easier for them to eliminate the Impostors and save everyone. However, a large portion of the credit should be reserved for the community that brought out interesting variations and mods to prevent the game from reaching the Fall Guys monotone and fizzling out early. Among Us has grown leaps and bounds in terms of popularity among casual players, content creators, streamers and even past the gaming sector to bring in non-endemic personalities. Depending on the trim, motor configuration, and drivetrain, the output of the Mach-E varies from 266 horsepower and 317 lb-ft of torque to 480 hp and 634 lb-ft of torque. Hence, it will have the same 70.0-kWh or 91.0-kWh pack with a single or dual-motor setup. On the other hand, the 2024 Mustang Mach-E is expected to be a carryover model. Karaoke USA GQ450 Portable CDG/MP3G Karaoke Player with 4.3 Color Screen. That said, the V8 under the Dark Horse’s hood put out 500 horsepower. Buy Blue Ember Mic Shock Mount with Pop Filter to Reduce Vibration Noise for. Delta E is measured on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 means exact match, and 100 is the highest difference. Delta E (E) is the measure of the difference between two colors. Complementary colors are those found at the opposite ends of the color wheel. Named colors similar to Blue Ember (8001-47F) (Paint - Valspar) Here are the colors similar to Blue Ember (8001-47F) (Paint - Valspar). Moreover, the Mustang Dark Horse has the same 5.0L V8 engine but it has connecting rods that are taken from the Shelby GT500 model. The complement of Ember is Blue Jeans with the hex code 51A2F9. The V8’s output can be increased by 6 horsepower and 3 lb-ft of torque if the optional active-valve exhaust system is selected. The V8 engine puts out 480 horsepower and 415 pound-feet of torque. Now, here’s a close look at the new Vapor Blue Metallic color, including its availability across the Mustang lineup. For more power, the Mustang GT trims come with a 5.0L V8 engine which is connected to a default 6-speed manual transmission.įurthermore, a 10-speed automatic transmission is optional. The all-new seventh-generation 2024 Ford Mustang gains three new exterior colors, including Vapor Blue Metallic, Yellow Splash Metallic and Blue Ember Metallic. The coupe model has a fastback roofline that slopes down to the rear, giving it a sporty and aerodynamic profile. It is available in both, coupe and convertible versions. The engine puts out 315 horsepower and 350 lb-ft of torque. Nathan Dyer Senior Editor Jat 12:16 PM The 2024 Ford Mustang reflects classic American muscle car heritage. The 2024 Ford Mustang EcoBoost trims have a standard 2.3L Turbo Inline-4 engine which is mated to only a 10-speed automatic transmission. Here are the two-tone exterior paint color options for the 2023 Rogue: Boulder Gray Pearl/Super Black. Regardless of that, there is a power increase with both of them. To complete the very blue interior theme, there are also blue seatbelts.Ford is calling its 2024 reworked engines as the new ones. The chassis number of each Mustang Dark Horse will be displayed on the instrument panel.Ĭustomers who require additional bolstering can opt for Recaro performance seats with blue bolsters, contrast blue stitching, and Dinamica suede center inserts. If you choose the 10-speed automatic, the shift knob is replaced with a standard automatic gear selector and anodized silver paddle shifters on the steering wheel. The Mustang Dark Horse comes standard with an anodized blue, lightweight titanium shift knob, a leather-wrapped e-brake, and a flat-bottomed steering wheel with contrast Indigo Blue stitching. Also, notice that the ember glow is retained in the course spread pattern markings. The exclusive appointments do not end once you enter. Like the hand-painted stripes on the Shelby GT500, we anticipate this to be a very pricey add-on. According to Ford, the painted stripe option is painted by hand using a “specialized process,” making it unique from every other Mustang in the lineup. According to Ford, the effect was created by combining complementary colors, but based on images, it appears as though the paint can change from dark blue to light purple depending on a number of variables.Īccording to senior color and materials designer Carrie Kennerly, “If color is a reflection of a vehicle’s personality, Blue Ember transforms the Mustang Dark Horse and highlights a natural saddle-color horse hidden inside the strong chiseled fastback’s exterior form.” The mysterious and stealthy appearance of Blue Ember, which really emphasizes how distinctive Mustang Dark Horse is, is the result of the combination of several different elements.Īdditionally, two unique stripe options-one vinyl and one painted-are available for the Dark Horse. Exclusive to the Mustang Dark Horse, Blue Ember metallic features “special effect pigments” that enable dramatic color changes depending on the light and angle. Blue stitching comes as standard, while Deep Indigo Blue. Specifically, in the redyellowblue system, which is used in traditional painting and interior design, one can arrive at the color amber by blending yellow and orange. Prior to the Chicago Auto Show on Wednesday, Ford unveiled a few new details about the upcoming 2024 Mustang Dark Horse, giving enthusiasts a peek at the special paint and interior accents for the 500-hp V-8-powered pony car. The same can be said about the Blue Ember metallic paint, which shifts from a bluish gray to an ember orange depending on the light. With no doubts, this station passed the test and had very satisfied buyers eager to share their experience. Moreover, they strongly agree that the station is a fast plug and play. In addition, a few also found that the station works with a 5590 it should work with 7480. Most importantly, the lionwei docking stationfor hpspectre x360 is compatible with usb 3.0 / 2.0.Īlmost all customers quickly discovered that the station works with the latitude line. 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With that done, proceed through the doors. Then, log your progress at the Save Your Spot terminal to the right-hand side of the door. Walk towards the set of double doors ahead and grab the bag to the left. Head up the stairs right at the end of the Maintenance Tunnels and Freddy will fully power down, ejecting you and running to a nearby charging station, leaving you on your own. Eventually, you'll find Freddy's power levels are running out. Once this is complete, jump back into Freddy's chest and continue down the Maintenance Tunnels. Hop into the medical booth hiding spot and a cutscene will play. As soon as you're out in the open, you'll hear the security guard's footsteps. You'll be ejected from his chest and left in a room with a large medical booth. Follow them to the bottom and walk through the Maintenance Tunnels ahead.Īs you continue through the tunnels, Freddy will suddenly sense that Gregory needs medical attention, automatically running to a first aid room. You'll arrive at a set of stairs leading down. Head out of the room and towards the pair of red doors next to the shutter that led to the photo pass. This will be your first experience playing as Freddy. When back at Freddy's door, he'll allow you to climb into his chest and pilot him. You'll also gain access to the Faz-Watch, which can be grabbed from Freddy's stomach. After a short conversation, you'll be able to exit Freddy's interior and take control of Gregory for the first time.įreddy will continue to chat to you through this section, although you'll have a few small objectives, including looking through the parting in the curtains behind you to watch the security guard pass by. It doesn't take long for the overly-friendly robot to realise something's wrong, as the voice of Gregory emerges from his stomach. After a short cutscene showing Freddy, Roxy, Chica and series newcomer Monty jamming out on stage, Freddy will awaken in his dressing room looking at himself in a mirror. If there is any grammatical error please correct me, english is not my original language and I am still learning it.If you're struggling with something specific, here's links to every section in the first hour:Īs expected for a franchise filled with haunted cupcakes, nightmare puppets and purple serial killers, Five Nights at Freddy's: Security Breach starts on a weird note. If Mat and his crew want to use this theory for something, it ok by me. It can be debunked since people are still dicovering this game. This theory is original, since I still didn't see anyone talking about this possibility. Neither Freddy or Gregory knows Gregory's origins. Vanny and the other animatronics are trying to capture him to finish the experiment and Afton/Glitchtrap was forced to use another body, the scraped one that we fight in the end. Fourth, he's appearence that remenbers crying child's appearence, and since Afton is his father, is very possible that when he was a child he was really similar to crying child.ĬONCLUSION: Gregory is an artificial life/clone made to be the "host" of Glitchtrap that escaped before his mind was transferred to Gregory, but Gregory was made with some (if not all) of Afton's abilities that he had during his lifetime. Third, his ability when upgrading Freddy and survival abilities, that are both abilities that Afton had during his lifetime (you may argue that Gregory's abilities while upgrading Freddy are just a game mecanic and that it should be take with a grain of salt but, in one of the endings, Gregory was DRIVING A CAR and when Freddy was in low battery he USED THE CAR TO RECHARGE FREDDY in a cutscene, a 7-10 years old boy shouldn't be able to know and do that.). Second, his vison glitch with Vanny and ability to shove himself into Freddy's body, if he is an artificial life, with animatronic and organic parts (because that's what Fazbear knows well) that would explain both. Why? First, that explains why has no register acording to Freddy and Vanessa, he's an experiment, artificial life created below the PizzaPlex, and in one of the endings he was sleeping in a street, meaning that he might be homeless. Gregory would be an experiment made by Fazbear to recreate Afton's body that escaped and got to the PizzaPlex. It may sound crazy at first but her me out. I belive that Gregory is a "clone" of Afton. I thought that this rubber cap would stretch enough to fit. Time to get creative and apply my shop capabilities to fabricate a durable transition to this non-pressurized piping application.I found they had a Fernco 3” rubber cap that has an i.d. NO WAY in that severely restricted space was I going to fire-up a screaming hot high output blowtorch!At the local home center I could not find a stock way to make the transition from the cast iron hub to the PVC. The other way would be to use a blowtorch to melt out the lead and dig out the oakum packing so that I could insert a rubber bushing. There appeared to be no possibility of cutting off the sewer pipe hub and then using a rubber reducer to mate up with 1 ½” PVC pipe. Fun Eh?I decided to buy a cheap Sawzall clone so I could cut the rotted pipe off flush with the hub of the 4” sewer pipe buried in the ground. Clearance? About 2 inches off your chest while laying on your back and about 6 inches wider than my shoulders… When you get in as far as possible, my legs are still in the tunnel. Well, there is access as long as you are willing to insert your torso in a 4 ft long tunnel under the duct work and between brick foundation piers. Inaccessible because duct work had been installed years later with total disregard for cutting off access to the plumbing. There is no space high enough to sit upright under the floor joists anywhere, much less where I needed to work. Where? In the most inaccessible part of a crawl space, really slither space, under a 64 year old house. Support the PVC/ cast iron better with some straps.īut if the cut ends hidden by the current rubber couplings aren't square, they may need recutting, which is another story.Maybe you will find this entertaining.Here was my dilemma… 2” Cast iron drain piping to a seldom used bathtub was found to have rusted out completely. Slip the pipe into place, unfold the rubber couplings onto the PVC pipe, move the shield/clamps into place, tighten to 60 in lbs. Put the cast iron end of the new rubber portion of the couplings onto the cast iron pipes fold the PVC end back over itself. Slide the shields from the new couplings onto the PVC. Loosen the existing clamps, fold the rubber couplings back over themselves so the PVC can come free, remove the old couplings. Then if the cast iron end cuts are square, and if the PVC pipe is cut to the correct length (distance between cast iron ends - 1/4" or 3/8", I would say), it is straightforward: If you want to replace them yourself, you'll want a 60 in-lbs torque wrench. Above grade couplings should be stiff, and thus they are shielded but only 2" long (I guess because that's enough engagement when no motion is expected?) So they are generally 4" long, and available shielded or unshielded. Is the right kind of coupling being used? Should I add another band clamp in the middle to try to smooth out the join? Should I maybe try to force the PVC side to be slightly higher using straps or a wedged board underneath?īelow grade couplings are generally fully supported by earth, and it may be desirable to have some flexibility to accommodate shifting support, or it may be desirable to be stiff. Can this be considered normal? My sense is that at the right-hand joint (see 2nd picture), the pvc is sagging down ever so slightly which might be generating more of a lip. My suspicion is that waste may still accumulate at the pipe join, but not enough to actually clog. However, every once in a while, I sense an ammonia-like smell by the pipe that seems to go away by flushing the toilet a couple of times. We let this sit for over a year without reinstalling the ceiling and have noticed no leaking. A second plumber addressed this by cutting the PVC pipe more accurately so there was less of a gap where the pipe joins the cast iron. After a couple of years, we had another leak apparently caused by the fernco couplings not being water tight and a clog starting at one of the joints. The plumber cut out the rotted part and replaced with a length of PVC. I had a plumbing leak a few years ago caused by a rotted cast iron pipe. They propose that the steady temperature difference between stripes would drive a “mildly turbulent air”. In June, the Cobbs reported in the Journal of Natural History that during the warmer hours of a day, black stripes on live zebras were consistently 12-15 Celsius higher than white stripes. A year later, a spatial modelling study of plains zebras – the most numerous species that range from eastern to southern African – led by Brenda Larison of University of California, Los Angeles, found stronger striping patterns in areas that are warmer or receive more intense sunlight. This seemingly straightforward logic has, however, received mixed support.Ĭaro and his team found only a weak spatial overlap between striping patterns and maximum temperatures. The basic idea is that black stripes would absorb heat in the morning and warm up zebras, whereas white stripes reflect light more and could thus help cool zebras as they graze for hours in the blazing sun. Thermoregulation has long been suggested by scientists as the function of zebra stripes. “Every zebra must avoid getting hot, and biting flies will come at certain places, and certain times of the year, but they are by no means as definite or frequent a threat as overheating,” says Cobb. While Alison agrees with Caro’s findings, she thinks biting flies “seems too unimportant an effect” to have driven the evolution of zebra stripes. They believe that zebra stripes aid primarily in thermoregulation. However, other zebra researchers, like retired animal lab technician Alison Cobb and zoologist Stephen Cobb of Oxford in the UK, aren’t convinced by the parasite-deterring explanation. And in Princeton University, evolutionary biologist Daniel Rubenstein and his collaborators are tackling the question using “fly vision in virtual reality”. “It looks as if they cannot recognise that black and white surface as a good landing spot,” says Caro.Ĭaro says his team is working with “lots of unpublished data” from videos of flies approaching different patterns to learn how the stripes mess up a fly’s landing. The flies would try to land on the stripes, but then fail to decelerate as they normally would approaching a non-striped surface, and bounce off. The horseflies hovered around zebras and horses in similar amounts, but far fewer flies landed on zebras – or horses with striped coats. They observed horseflies around zebras and horses some horses had black, white or striped coats placed on them. The research at Hill Livery earlier this year, shed new light for Caro’s team. “We also found absolutely no support for the other hypotheses.” “ really showed something really remarkable to us,” says Caro. While scientists still debate the exact origins and functions of zebra stripes, their recent efforts have focused more closely on three possibilities protection from biting flies, thermoregulation and protection from predators. These striping differences, coupled with the challenges that zebras face in their environment, have guided our understanding of how the stripes might work. Striping patterns and intensity vary across species as well as location. The three living species of zebras that roam eastern and southern Africa with their coat of dark hair broken by stripes of white, unpigmented hair, are the only striped equids. Zebras, together with horses and asses, are members of the Equus genus. But, for a long time new theories were introduced without rigorous tests. Scientists have put forward at least 18 reasons why, from camouflage or warning colours, to more creative explanations like unique markers that help to identify individuals like a human fingerprint. How and why zebras evolved to sport black and white stripes are questions that have tested scientists for over a century. “People have been talking about zebra stripes for over a hundred years, but it's just a matter of really doing experiments and thinking clearly about the issue to understand it better,” he says. For Tim Caro, an ecologist from the University of St Andrews who has been studying zebra stripes for almost two decades, the livery yard’s relatively tame zebras provided a rare opportunity to stand within metres of them and observe them. |
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